Hoopoe – A blog by nhbs – The NHBS Conservation Hub

Q&A with Trine Bregstein: The Riverfly Partnership

The Riverfly Partnership is a collaborative effort between anglers, conservationists, scientists, and water managers to protect the health and quality of our rivers. They use citizen science to monitor riverfly populations, which are sensitive indicators of water quality, and gather data on these fascinating insects to contribute to a better understanding of river ecosystems.

We recently had the opportunity to speak with Trine Bregstein, riverfly partnership development manager, about the work of the Partnership, their citizen science initiatives, the importance of riverflies and more.

Can you give an overview of the Riverfly Partnership, its aims and the work that the group is involved in?

The Riverfly Partnership is a network of organisations supporting projects to assess river health. The aims of the partnership are to protect the water quality of our rivers, further the understanding of riverfly populations, and conserve riverfly habitats. The partnership comprises many individuals and groups, including entomologists, angling clubs, volunteer groups, wildlife charities and Rivers Trusts.

We have data on freshwater invertebrate life dating back to the early 2000s, collected by a dedicated base of citizen scientists that is continuing to grow. Volunteers get to learn about the fascinating world of tiny critters living in their waterways, which are referred to as the canaries of our rivers because they are an important indicator of water quality. The work of Riverfly monitors means pollution incidents are quickly detected and reported, changes in water quality are monitored over time and the impacts of restoration work in and around the river can be tracked.

Can you tell us about the Riverfly Monitoring Initiative?

The Riverfly Monitoring Initiative (RMI) is a citizen science scheme in which trained monitors collect data about the invertebrates living in their local river. Volunteers are trained in the identification of key groups of riverflies, which are invertebrates that spend most of their life cycle living in fresh water. The initiative mainly focuses on the orders Ephemeroptera (also known as up-wing flies or mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies) and Trichoptera (caddisflies).

Invertebrate sorting and identification. Credit: Trine Bregstein

On a monthly basis, monitors carry out kick sampling at their site and count the numbers of each group of riverflies they have collected. From these counts, an RMI score is generated. This score is compared to the ‘trigger level’ of the site, which is a number set by the local ecology contact at the statutory body. If the RMI score is below the trigger level, it may be an indication that a pollution event has taken place. Another sample is done to confirm the breach, and then the relevant authorities are informed.

What are the main challenges associated with your work?

The national scale of the project, with various regional hubs coordinating groups of monitors at a local level, means it’s important to make sure things are done consistently across the network. We at the Riverfly Partnership HQ in the Lake District facilitate and try to keep track of what’s going on in all of these separate groups, and make sure training and protocols are standardised around the country to ensure the robustness of the data set. This can prove challenging, particularly as many of our hubs are charities and trusts that may not have consistent funding for citizen science projects, whilst others are volunteer run and rely on people managing to co-ordinate their groups in their spare time.

A group of volunteers standing around the riverside edge during a training day — Ribble training day. Image credit: Trine Bregstein

How did 2024 fare for the Partnership and its work?

2024 was a great year for the Partnership. Our monitors submitted 7,832 surveys to our database over the year – this is up from 6,392 in 2023, which reflects how much the partnership is continuing to grow, with many new monitoring groups set up all over the UK. We also launched a new Riverfly data dashboard for easy viewing of all this data.

Citizen science is of increasing importance in wildlife conservation across the globe. How can we get involved and be proactive in protecting our rivers and riverfly populations?

Riverfly monitoring involves carrying out a survey at your allocated site once per month, usually taking about an hour. As a monitor, you’d be contributing to a trusted, long-term, open-access data set that can be used to track gradual changes in habitat quality, as well as quickly pick up on any major incidents that the statutory body can investigate. Anyone can become a Riverfly monitor – no prior knowledge is required; you just need to have attended a training day led by one of our accredited tutors.

Kick sampling in a river — Gwent Wildlife Trust sampling. Image by Gareth Edge

If you’re interested in becoming a volunteer, e-mail info@riverflies.org and we will link you up to your local co-ordinator. Most training tends to take place in the spring and summer months, but you can register your interest at any time.

Aside from Riverfly monitoring, you can also get involved in the Rivers Trust’s Big River Watch, Earthwatch has the Great UK Water Blitz, The Angling Trust has the WQMN (Water Quality Monitoring Network), ZSL run the Outfall Safari project, and through the CABA and CaSTCo projects other organisations around the UK have been able to cascade this initiative to their volunteers. Check your local Rivers Trust or Wildlife Trust to see what volunteering opportunities they have, for example balsam bashes, riverside clean ups or restoration works like reed bed planting, tree planting and fence building.

Gwent Wildlife Trust members holding certificates following training — Gwent Wildlife Trust training. Image credit: Gareth Edge

There is so much to get involved with, and on a personal level, try look after your own patch. If you’re out walking the dog for example, try to keep them out of the water if they’ve had a recent flea treatment, take a couple of bits of rubbish to the nearest bin (safely, don’t pick up anything potentially dangerous) and know who to call if you spot something untoward – the EA/SEPA/NRW/NIEA for pollution, your local council for fly tipping and don’t forget to report sewage and water leakage problems to your local water company too, they all have helplines or online reporting options.

What projects will the Riverfly Partnership be working on next?

We have a scheme called ‘Extended Riverfly’, which is a more advanced version of Riverfly monitoring that experienced monitors can move on to. It involves identifying and counting 33 groups of invertebrates, rather than the eight in the Riverfly Monitoring Initiative. It’s a fairly new scheme, currently only operating in certain parts of the country, but we recently held an event at which many Riverfly trainers upskilled to become extended trainers, so we’re looking forward to rolling out this project to many more groups in the coming year.

Extended training at the natural history museum — Extended training at the Natural History Museum. Image Credit: Trine Bregstein

We’re also working on our ‘Targets and Triggers’ project, which has been developed with partners at the Environment Agency, the Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Buglife and CaSTCo. We’re aiming to devise a standard, and relatively easy, method for trigger levels to be set, making it easier for statutory bodies to engage with Riverfly monitoring without it being too much of a drain on their limited resources. Through gathering extra data about each monitoring site and running these through a predictive model, we plan to come up with not just trigger levels, but expand the initiative so that sites also have a ‘target level’ – the maximum RMI score that we would expect to see at a site, which gives a goal for habitat improvement projects to aim for.

The Riverfly Partnership Approved Kit is a complete kit suitable for water quality monitoring. The Riverfly Partnership receives £5 from the sale of this kit to help them continue their fantastic conservation work.

Please see the Riverfly Partnership website for more information on how to get involved.

Interview with Matthew Kirkland: Founder of Chirpity – Identifying Birds by Sound

Chirpity is an easy-to-use, accessible app developed to aid the successful identification of bird calls within acoustic recordings. It is the ideal software solution for anyone interested in identifying bird vocalizations, whether you’re a dedicated Nocmig enthusiast or a professional bioacoustic researcher, and streamlines the often tedious process of reviewing audio recordings to quickly and accurately detect avian sounds. It features an array of intuitive features to assist with identification, including call review, tagging and background analysis.

We recently had the opportunity to speak to founder Matthew Kirkland about the software, including how he became interested in both nature and apps, why he developed Chirpity, its uses, capabilities and more.

Firstly, could you tell us a little about yourself and how you became interested in both the natural world, and app development?

I got the nature bug as a kid from my grandparents. I would spend the summer holidays in Northumberland with them and they were both outdoorsy types. We’d visit nature reserves where my grandad would point out the birds, and my nan would know the flowers – and often have a story about their names and medicinal uses, plants like speedwell and eyebright. Nonetheless, it was the birds that really ignited my passion. I think I thought I was better at bird ID than I really was, because looking back at my childhood field notes, I recorded some pretty outlandish sightings!

Now I’m a little bit more grown up andI would say I’ve become quite adept at identifying birds by sight, or ‘jizz’ (general impression, size and shape). However, one area that still befuddles me is bird song. My grandad was deaf – he piloted catalinas (flying boats) in WWII and the engine noise affected his hearing ever after. He couldn’t put me on to bird song or calls as a way to find the species around you, and I never learned the calls. Not deterred by this, after reading an account of a local birder’s Nocmig records (calls made by flying nocturnal migrants) on our local WhatsApp group, I decided to plug a cheap mic into my iPhone, and leave it recording out of my bedroom window overnight one April evening – just to see what it might pick up.

The next day, I downloaded the file onto my PC and opened it up in the sound software Audacity. This allows you to view a spectrogram of the audio, and with this view, you can scroll through the night’s recording to see the sounds. Bird calls show up as specific shapes in this view: they have a signature squiggle. After perhaps an hour of scrolling I came across something that looked like this:

What was it? I had no idea! So I sent a clip of the sound to the WhatsApp group. The county Bird recorder came back with the message ‘It’s a Whimbrel’. Well, that had me hooked! I live in suburban Luton, 50 miles from the sea at least, so having a Whimbrel over the house was astonishing.

What followed over the next weeks and months was a series of ‘What’s this?’ submissions to the newly created county Nocmig group on WhatsApp.

All the while, I was thinking there had to be a better way to sift through hours of audio. I had a computer background of sorts: I’d worked for BBC Online as a web developer many years ago. I had also completed a Masters’ degree in cognitive science back at uni and retained an interest in artificial intelligence ever since. In part because of this, I’d heard of BirdNET – which is AI software trained to recognise bird vocalisations. It comes from the same group at Cornell University that do the Merlin App. I got this to work on my audio files with reasonable results: I could open a terminal on my computer and type a command for BirdNET that would scan the file and spit out a list of bird detections at specified times in the audio. I could then go back to Audacity and see whether the predictions were correct. When they were, it was amazing, but all too often they weren’t.

For those unfamiliar with Chirpity, can you give an overview of its purpose, uses and capabilities, and explain what you were hoping to achieve in developing this application?

Well, to be honest, my initial experience with BirdNET for Nocmig was somewhat tedious. Chirpity is the result of an effort to make Nocmig simple and enjoyable – even for people who couldn’t tell if they heard a Moorhen or a motorbike!

The application lets you drop your audio recordings into it, you hit ‘Analyse’ and it scans for birds. Whenever it finds a call or song, you’ll see the result appear in a table and you can click on it, play the clip or edit the record.

Since AI Bird ID isn’t perfect by any means, there are dubious identifications. Chirpity manages this in three ways:

You can restrict the reported species to those likely at your location, either by using an automatically generated ‘Local Birds’ list or a ‘Custom’ list with only the species you have selected.

You can compare the predicted species with examples that have been uploaded and vetted by experts on the Xeno-Canto website.

It’s also really easy and quick to delete, correct or annotate results before you save them to your personal archive – a database of records you can revisit, view and replay.

There is an option to view charts of the species you’ve recorded, so you can see when the peak passage is in the year and when to be on the lookout for Redwings, Common Scoters, Tree Pipits –species which are regular night migrants over most of the country. Here’s an example showing my Redwing records in 2022:

I’ve been lucky enough to pick up Stone-curlew too on several occasions, with this astonishing record being the best of them:

stone curlew spectrogram — Stone curlew spectrogram, audio below.

As you can see, with Chirpity you can adapt the visualisation and export clips from your recordings.

However, Chirpity isn’t just for Nocmig – many of its users are recording in the field with remote field recorders, like Song Meters you sell. With external power, some of these recorders can be rigged to run 24/7 for periods of up to a month before their audio is retrieved from the SD card. These researchers use Chirpity to review the audio, check the results and export their findings either as a spreadsheet or in an eBird Record format.

It really stood out to me that Chirpity is incredibly accessible in comparison to its desktop counterparts. Was accessibility a key driver for you?

Absolutely! There are two key thoughts I have in mind when thinking about Chirpity’s development:

What’s the best way to make this feature easy to understand and use?
Is there a way it can be delightful?

All the settings have a help icon next to them so you can read what they do, and there are lots of keyboard shortcuts to speed things up once you get used to the application. And for non-English speakers, the interface can be displayed in any one of 11 different languages!

What challenges did you face when developing this application, and how did you overcome these?

Well, one thing I have learned is that software isn’t soft, it’s hard! There are so many challenges I’ve had to overcome, it’s difficult to know where to start. For its users, the one I am most pleased to have resolved is getting an insight into how people actually use the application, where they struggle and what doesn’t work. Most of Chirpity’s users aren’t technical people, they won’t report a bug – they just think they messed up. I now have a system that shows me, anonymously, what people do with the application, if it has errors and if so, what someone did to cause it. That means I can fix it! Another challenge has been managing updates. The application is available for Windows, Mac and Linux computers, so I was very pleased to find a solution that packages each version, tests it and alerts users to the update automatically. Finally, training a call recognition model that has good results in real world use – like the Nocmig model included with Chirpity – is really hard. It took me about a year to make it effective – I had to learn the AI platform from scratch but even so, most of the time was spent preparing the 500,000 or so examples in the training data!

Given your active presence in both bird and software forums and your engagement with users, could you share which Chirpity project has been the most personally rewarding for you?

Well, I’m really quite proud of the fact that the County bird recorder that identified that Whimbrel at the start of this journey now uses Chirpity for his own Nocmig analysis! I’m also amazed that it’s taken off so widely on the international stage. I have a map of Chirpity user’s locations, it amazes me that it’s got this much traction when it’s been less than a year since I put the first version out to the public (and I don’t do any paid advertising):

Technology is constantly being updated and improved – what future developments can we expect for Chirpity?

There isn’t what you might call a roadmap for new features – things move and change too quickly. I will keep to the vision – simple and delightful to use. The folks at Cornell (the BirdNET people) are teasing a big update for this year, and we’re in touch over ensuring that update will work with Chirpity when it lands.

I’d like to add a self-learning element to the application, so it remembers and adapts to corrections – though this is a challenge that is yet to be overcome!

I’ve recently added a “Buy Me a Coffee” link for donations. With sufficient funding, I’ll be able to pay for a digital signature, which will clear the hurdles when installing unsigned software and allow automatic updates for Mac users. That funding will also help me cover the cost of training better Nocmig models and well, drink more coffee, right?

Are you working on any other projects that we can hear about?

Honestly – this is plenty to be getting on with! Although, I’d quite like a version of Chirpity that works like ChatGPT – where you give it a file and can say “What birds are in this? How do you know? Let me listen to the Stone-curlew you found…That’s great! Send it to my socials”

Find out more and download Chirpity today here.

Conservation volunteering with the Dartmoor Preservation Association

Last month, NHBS colleague Dan volunteered with the Dartmoor Preservation Association – read below to find out what he got up to.

Walking across Dartmoor, you feel centuries of history embedded in its rugged landscape. The open moorlands, rolling hills, and ancient stone circles are more than just features – they’re fragments of a rich past. Volunteering with the Dartmoor Preservation Association (DPA) reminded me how essential the work is to protect the unique heritage of places such as these.

Founded in 1883, the Dartmoor Preservation Association is one of Britain’s oldest conservation organisations and is focused on safeguarding Dartmoor’s landscapes, wildlife, and cultural heritage. The DPA works tirelessly to protect the moors ecological balance and preserve the archaeological sites that reveal Dartmoor’s deep connection to human history. The organisation advocates for responsible land use, defends against damaging developments, and promotes awareness of Dartmoors irreplaceable natural and historical value.

Among Dartmoors treasures, situated by Huccaby Tor near Dartmeet, stands a quiet reminder of the Bronze Age (c.2000-700 BC) – Huccaby Rings. A monument scheduled under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, it is one of many ancient sites on Dartmoor that were built to hold livestock, protect crops and / or to accommodate farmers and herdsmen.

It wasn’t too surprising that when I joined the DPA to help clear the ring of Gorse, I was joined by several archaeology enthusiasts, each keen to help preserve this window into Dartmoor’s ancient past and ensure that Dartmoor’s story lives on for future generations.

Conservation volunteering goes beyond hands-on work; it’s a commitment to protecting the legacy of places like Dartmoor. Each task – preserving historical heritage, supporting wildlife habitat, managing access – is a step towards safeguarding unique beauty, preserving cultural history and supporting wildlife.

I’m certain that you, the reader, also have a special place near you – whether urban or rural – that deserves this kind of dedicated care.

Find our more on the Dartmoor Preservation Society website.

Recommended reading

Dartmoor 365
A true gem of a book, it has a story about every square mile of Dartmoor, filled with captivating folklore, historical insights, archaeology, and nature facts. An intimate exploration of a unique part of the world.

The Volunteers: A Memoir of Conservation, Companionship and Community
When Carol finds herself single and unemployed, she unexpectedly takes on the role of leading a quirky team of countryside conservation volunteers. Although their first days are rocky, she and her diverse group of volunteers bond over nature, finding friendship, purpose, and a renewed sense of belonging. The Volunteers is a heart-warming story about healing, community, and the redemptive power of the outdoors.

This Week in Biodiversity News – 17th February

Environment

A new restoration project is set to enhance RSPB Geltsdale in northeast Cumbria. The project aims to restore and protect vital habitat across the site, including moorland, wetland and woodland. These enhancements will benefit a number of species including Hen Harriers, Curlews, Snipe, Willow Warblers, Black Grouse and Red Squirrels. RSPB will be working in partnership with North Pennines National Landscape and Natural England for the project, building on the previous conservation successes in Geltsdale, which include renaturalising a river, native tree planting, meadow creation and restoration of blanket bogs.

Ireland’s remaining ancient rainforests are under threat from the rapid expansion of pine monoculture plantations. Despite government efforts to increase woodland cover, the country’s focus on non-native pines is proving detrimental to biodiversity and ecosystem health. Ireland has the lowest proportional tree coverage of all European territories – the Irish Republic reports 11.6% coverage while Northern Ireland has just 8% – despite investing over £1bn into forestry schemes to increase woodland cover. This widescale industrial approach is replacing lost woodland with monoculture, enhancing both ecological decline and rural depopulation. Experts emphasise the need to identify and protect the remaining ancient woodland to safeguard the future of ancient Irish rainforests.

Derryclare Wood by Nils van Rooijen, via flickr.

Experts warn that the world’s peatlands are dangerously unprotected. Despite covering only 3% of land, peatlands store more carbon than all of the world’s forests and are crucial for biodiversity and water management. With only 17% of this vital habitat within protected areas, their draining, overgrazing and burning driven by agriculture and extraction is emitting greenhouse gases that would make peatland the fourth biggest polluting country in the world. With over ¼ of peatland under heavy anthropogenic pressure, experts are emphasising the need to restore and conserve existing peat to keep global warming in line with international targets.

Wildlife

Over one thousand dead sea turtles have been found along India’s coastline. An estimated 1,100 Olive Ridley Sea Turtles have washed up on the beaches of Tamil Nadu in southern India. The stranded turtles were found with bulging eyes and lung lesions, indicating death by suffocation and drowning – although it’s difficult to determine, it is possible that net fishing in the area may have caused entanglement and drowning in these animals. Since the incident, local government have created a task force and increased night patrols to protect the hatchlings from harm.

25082: olive ridley sea turtle by Panegyrics of Granovetter, via flickr.

A drove of feral pigs have been illegally released in the Cairngorms. In the wake of the illegal release of Lynx last month, a group of feral pigs have been spotted near the Uath Lochans area, less than five miles from the release site of the Lynx. Working with NatureScot and Forestry and Land Scotland, the Cairngorms National Park Authority is working to investigate the release of these animals and safely capture them.

Policy and Development

The UK government remains committed to Heathrow’s third runway, despite significant environmental and social concerns. The expansion could see a further 4.4 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions each year – the equivalent of 101 billion car miles which could have destructive consequences in terms of pollution and the environment. The expansion could generate 51 million tonnes of carbon in five years, over 500,000 people would be exposed to enhanced noise pollution, and there would be severe environmental impacts – diverting five rivers, building a tunnel under the M25 and new flight paths would significantly impact wildlife throughout London, including the eleven bat species that reside within Richmond Park.

EGLL - Boeing 747 - British Airways - G-BNLY by Steve Lynes, via flickr. — EGLL – Boeing 747 – British Airways – G-BNLY by Steve Lynes, via flickr.

In its first year, Biodiversity Net Gain (BNG) has significantly underperformed. First-year figures for BNG show only 773 hectares of habitat creation and enhancement (onsite and offsite combined), which marks just 13% of Defra’s annual generation estimations for the scheme. This shortcoming is due to broad exemptions, limited resources and poor monitoring and enforcement. Environmental groups are calling for a strengthening of the scheme through the upcoming Planning and Infrastructure Bill , including more ambitious targets, reducing exemptions to BNG, enhanced monitoring and enforcement, and a guarantee that reforms will not weaken existing protections while delivering more effective off-site nature compensation.

Find an official response from CIEEM on the UK Government’s Planning Reform Working Paper here. The working paper will be used to build the Planning and Infrastructure Bill that will seek to fast-track development across the UK and could see impacts on the role and effectiveness of biodiversity net gain.

UK Moth Recorders’ Meeting 2025

Butterfly Conservation’s Moth Recorders Meeting provides an essential update for ecologists, wildlife watchers, and naturalists interested in the latest developments in moth recording, research, and conservation. Introduced by director of business and research, Russel Hobson, this year’s meeting was held online via Zoom on Saturday 25th January, and comprised of a variety of talks by keynote speakers including Dr Zoë Randle, David Hill and Dr Avalon Owens.

Dr Zoë Randle, Butterfly Conservation: National Moth Recording Scheme Update

The first speaker, Butterfly Conservation’s Dr Zoë Randle, shared an update on the National Moth Recording Scheme and key trends. Over 600,000 observations were submitted on iRecord throughout2024, bringing the total macro moth records to 36.2 million and micro moth records to 7.4 million in the National Moth Recording Scheme. Despite an increase in moth recording last year, Zoë emphasised the importance of both recorders and verifiers, while also stressing the need for more volunteers to streamline the verification process.

A map showing the density of records across the UK — Number of Records in the National Moth Recording Scheme per km square. Credit: Dr Zoë Randle

Dr Norman Lowe, County Moth Recorder, Breconshire: Charismatic Clearwings in mid-Wales.

Dr Norman Lowe, County Moth Recorder for Breconshire, discussed clearwings in mid-Wales, presenting the group as flagships for dayflying moths and provided an update on clearwing records during 2024. Last year, 31 more recorders and ten more pheromone traps/lures were supplied to aid in recording, resulting in a total of 80 clearwing observations for 2024. Data revealed some local and scarce species, including the Welsh Clearwing and Red-tipped Clearwings, and highlighted species which are common and widespread, like Lunar Hornet Moths.

David Hill, Conservation Manager (Scotland), Butterfly Conservation: Black, White, Red & Gold – surveying Argyll’s rare moths

Next to speak was David Hill, who reported on two key species that he has been working with in Scotland: White Spotted Sable Moths and Transparent Burnet. He discussed the background and biology of the species, as well as the efforts undertaken to better understand their pressures and distribution.

2024 larval surveys uncovered 30 White Spotted Sable caterpillars over three days and allowed surveyors to categorise habitat. This coming year, the team will look to rear caterpillars to confirm identification, start adult surveys and seek out sites where Anania terrealis, a commonly mistaken species, is present.
Transparent Burnets are a focus for Scottish conservation projects as part of the Species on the Edge programme. This rarely recorded species is one of concern due to loss of suitable habitat and work will continue throughout 2025 to establish the distribution and abundance of this moth across Argyll.

Transparent burnet moth — Transparent Burnet. Credit: David Hill

Dr Luke Evans, Butterfly Conservation: Can we measure the impact of insect change on bird and bat populations?

Dr Luke Evans discussed the DRUID project, which has operated since 2021 and aims to investigate the drivers and repercussions of UK insect decline. Evans discussed the impact of this catastrophic decline on species whose diets are adapted to insects, true correlation vs random correlation (the observation data conundrum) and the suggestive patterns of decline in birds as a result of this. The use of key data, including that in the National Moth Recording Scheme, demonstrates the importance of national monitoring data for evaluating insect abundance and the direct impacts of insect change.

Dr Sam Fabian, Imperial College London: Understanding why artificial lights trap flying insects using high-speed videography

The next presentation was delivered by Dr Sam Fabian, who explored the aggregation of insects around bright light sources, how artificial light can impact insect flight and the behavioural mechanisms behind it. Fabian suggests that circling behaviour around bright light sources is due to dorsal light response – a stabilising reflex where insects angle their body to orientate bright lights above them – which causes erratic flight paths around artificial light sources.

Circling behaviours around artificial light sources. Credit: Dr Sam Fabian

Dr Avalon Owens, Rowland Institute, Harvard University: Do sustainable lighting practices sustain moths?

Last to speak was Dr Avalon Owens, who concluded the session with an insightful discussion on the impacts of light pollution on moths. This growing threat is one of many that impacts global insect abundance and diversity, and can have a range of negative impacts on insect behaviour, including: fatal attraction, temporal and spatial disorientation and visual confusion. These can have catastrophic effects on insects internal body clock, navigation ability and recognition of resources. With light pollution levels growing and expanding exponentially, Dr Owens also outlined key routes to tackle the issue by creating sustainable lighting that is useful, targeted, controlled, low level and warm coloured.

Five lighting principles for responsible outdoor lighting and impacts of artificial light on insects. Credit: Dr Avalon Owens

This year’s Moth Recorders Meeting was a fascinating insight into the National Moth Recording Scheme, key trends and developments in moth ecology and conservation, and the threats to these undervalued insects. Find out more about Butterfly Conservation, their valuable work and ways to get involved on their website.

To hear more from this year’s speakers, a recording of 2025’s meeting can be found on the Butterfly Conservation YouTube channel.

National Nest Box Week 2025

Friday 14th February marks the start of National Nest Box Week. With widespread population declines due to habitat loss and urbanisation, National Nest Box Week presents us with the perfect opportunity to provide habitat for local birds, boosting breeding success and contributing to the enhancement of biodiversity in our green spaces.

Mid-February marks the start of the breeding season for many British bird species, with many beginning to actively seek new territory and suitable nesting sites. Nest Box Week is a great time to install a new nest box or do some maintenance on any existing boxes. By providing artificial nesting sites, we can assist species such as Robins, House Sparrows, and Swifts, while simultaneously raising public awareness about the diverse range of birds that benefit from these resources.

House Sparrow at the entrance of a nest box — Image by Vine House Farm via Flickr

Here are some ways to get involved in National Nest Box Week:

Install a nest box in an outside space, garden or balcony
Plant native flora and provide access to fresh, clean water to keep your garden bird-friendly
Support bird conservation organisations by donating, volunteering or sharing their work
Encourage friends and family to get involved in supporting their local wildlife

Garden Bird Species

Robins are a familiar sight in UK gardens and are easily recognised by their bright red breast and cheerful song. They prefer open-fronted nest boxes, often tucked away in hedges or shrubs, to mimic their natural nesting preferences in sheltered crevices and vegetation.

Blue tits are small, vibrant birds common across the UK that are often seen flitting through gardens and woodlands. They prefer small, enclosed nest boxes, hung high to mimic their natural nesting sites in tree cavities.

With their distinctive yellow beak and melodious song, Blackbirds are a common sight in various habitats across the UK. They prefer open-fronted nest boxes, at a slightly higher location, tucked away amongst dense vegetation or climbing plants for added security.

House Sparrow perched on balcony railing

Common in UK gardens and urban areas, Sparrows prefer nest boxes with a small entrance hole, placed high up on walls or under the eaves of houses, mimicking their natural nesting sites in crevices and holes in buildings.

Why is National Nest Box Week important?

Increasing urbanisation, human development and changing land-use have had devastating impacts on bird populations in the UK. A loss of natural nesting habitats has introduced extra challenges for rearing young, and nest boxes provide nesting birds with vital habitat to rear chicks – helping to mitigate the impacts of habitat loss which is essential for supporting local bird populations.

Find a selection of nest box blogs on the Conservation Hub, including:

NHBS Guide: Where to hang and how to maintain your nest box

Training Course: Bats for Building Professionals

The recent training course by the Bat Conservation Trust, Bats for Building Professionals, aimed to provide direction and understanding on the legal protections surrounding bats and their roosts in buildings. Suitable for contractors, pest controllers, surveyors, architects or those working within the construction industry, the session aided building professionals in developing their bat roost identification skills and taught them how to navigate situations where bats are present on site.

The seven-hour course, run over two interactive online sessions, explored bat ecology, biology, best practices, the latest guidance and legal information.

The course began with a comprehensive overview of Britain’s breeding bat species, covering their biology, ecology, adaptations, habitat preferences and roosting types. Speaker Katie Swift introduced the Bat Calendar – a particularly interesting aspect of the session which revealed how contractors and construction workers can plan work around bat activity to minimise disturbances (see below).

Bat calendar indicating best times for construction works — The bat calendar shows how contractors and construction workers can plan work around bat activity to minimise disturbances.

This led to a discussion of bat roosts in built structures, where Katie explained why bats favour these spaces and detailed attractive features for both cavity and crevice roosting species, such as soffits, eaves, and cladding. Exploring the different uses of these roosts throughout the year, Katie highlighted how occupied spaces change between summer and winter, and which bat species commonly utilise buildings for this purpose. Using examples like pipistrelles and horseshoe bats, she demonstrated how different species utilize roosting sites and how to recognize an active roost.

The second part of the discussion focused on legislation and bat protection, educating attendees on the laws that are in place to ensure bat protection, actions that are considered an offence, and highlighting advice services available. Katie then reviewed the European Protected Species License, explaining its role in safeguarding bats within the UK, outlining how construction activities can potentially harm bats in buildings, and when to seek advice as a building professional in keeping with best practice guidelines.

Common pipistrelle bat — Image by Bio Blitz via Flickr

The second session concluded with an interactive quiz of working examples for building professionals, covering a range of typical building works including barn conversions, door repairs and gutter replacements.

The ‘homework’ task between sessions was a particularly enjoyable aspect of the course – through independent field work, attendees had the opportunity to report on the potential bat features of their chosen building or structure and apply the knowledge learned throughout the session to understand which species may be present in the area, the areas bats may utilise on the structure and what works might impact a roost.

This insightful and informative training course provides a valuable resource for building professionals seeking to learn or refresh their knowledge about bats and building projects. The speaker’s expertise ensured a comprehensive and engaging learning experience, covering everything from bat ecology, to bats in buildings and licensing.

Find out more about upcoming events and the extensive range of training courses with the Bat Conservation Trust via their website.

Top 5: Binoculars

A good pair of binoculars is a staple in any naturalist’s kit. Whether you are wildlife watching, insect spotting or exploring the wilderness, we have a fantastic range of optics to enhance your outdoor activities.

Discover our top 5 best binoculars for wildlife watching below, where we highlight the key features of each for easy comparison.

Bushnell Prime Binoculars 8×32 BP832B

A great entry-level option with high quality optical performance, these binoculars are waterproof, lightweight and robust which makes them great for fieldwork. A wide field of view makes these ideal for fast moving animals and large landscapes, and the anti-reflective coasting ensures a bright image with high contrast.

EXO barrier coatings to repel oil, dust and water
BAK-4 Prisms for excellent image quality and low light performance
20-year guarantee
Weight: 479g
Magnification: 8x
Field of view: 130m @ 1000m
Eye relief: 18mm
Close focus: 9ft / 3m

GPO PASSION ED 8×32/42mm Binoculars

Combine value and performance with these lightweight binoculars from GPO. A magnesium body provides a robust chassis, the Schmidt-Pechan prisms further enhance their durability, while superb clarity and exceptional colour transmission ensure an excellent price to performance ratio.

Suitable for all levels of expertise
Multi-coated lenses for exceptional clarity and colour transmission
Wide field of view
10-year guarantee
Weight: 520g
Magnification: 8x
Eye relief: 16mm
Field of view: 139m @ 1000m
Close focus: 2m

Hawke Optics Nature-Trek Binoculars 8×42

Completely waterproof and fog free, these robust binoculars are ideal for fieldwork. The multi-coated optics and an inner-focus optical design ensure high resolution images, and a close focus distance of 2m make them great for observing insects.

Shock resistant polycarbonate body
BAK-4 roof prism
Lifetime guarantee
Winner – Best Low Cost Binocular Award 2014
Weight: 638g
Magnification: 8x
Eye relief: 18mm
Field of view: 129m @ 1000m
Close focus: 2m / 6.6ft

Opticron Explorer WA ED-R Binoculars 10×42

An impressive field of view makes these compact binoculars great for surveying large landscapes and fast-moving animals, and a close focus of 2m makes them suitable for viewing insects too. Multi–coated lenses allow extra light transmission and colour contrast, ensuring clear, crisp viewing.

Nitrogen waterproof construction
Close focus: 2.5m / 8.2ft
Weight: 660g
Magnification: 10x
Eye relief: 15mm
Field of view: 113m @ 1000m
10-year guarantee

Swarovski CL Pocket Binoculars with Wild Nature Case 10×25

Ideal for travelling, these pocket binoculars are compact and lightweight, while providing users with a large field of view and great close focus suitable for insect observation. A high-quality lens and prism coating ensure excellent optical performance, even at low light, and SWAROBRIGHT phase prism coating ensures better colour reproduction and light transmission.

10-year warranty
Waterproof to 4m
Magnification: 10x
Eye relief: 17mm
Field of view: 98m @ 1000m
Close focus: 2.5m
Weight: 350g

For more information on how to choose the right pair of binoculars, see our blog post on the Conservation Hub.

Top 5: Thermal Scopes

Thermal scopes detect and display temperature variations and can use the infrared energy (heat) emitted by warm-blooded animals to create a distinct thermal profile. They produce an image that displays different temperatures in different colours which can be used to visibly detect the location of animals that may not otherwise be seen due to lack of light.

Thermal scopes are typically used to survey nocturnal or elusive species. Particularly useful when used in bat surveys, they can be used to identify roost access points with greater accuracy and can provide improved-quality images of animals in flight. Thermal scopes are also used in surveys for other wildlife, including bird ringing programmes and nest box monitoring, particularly for Pine Martens. This non-invasive technology allows ecologists to monitor wildlife whilst minimising disturbance, allowing for more accurate data reporting on wildlife behaviour. They can be used during both the day and night and offer different colour palettes to improve visibility in different environmental conditions.

Thermal scopes are designed with varied capabilities and are suitable for a range of users, from naturalists to ecologists. Here we explore a range of thermal scopes available on our website, including both affordable and more advanced options, and highlight the benefits and features of each.

Pulsar Telos XP50 Thermal Imaging Monocular

Featuring an industry-leading thermal sensor, this high performance monocular provides high resolution imagery in all conditions and has a built-in laser range finder (LRF) capable of long-distance measurements. Durable and user–friendly, these waterproof optics are suitable for all weather conditions and are designed with a wear-resistant rubberised body to maximise longevity.

Sensor: 640 × 480, 17µm, <18mK NETD
Lens: 50mm/F1.0 Germanium lens
Magnification: 2.5-10.0× (and 4× digital zoom)
Frame rate: 50Hz
Detection range: 1,800m
Video/photo resolution: 1024 × 768
Rating: IPX7
Operating time: Up to 8.5hrs
Weight: 720g with battery

Pixfra Sirius S650 Thermal Imaging Monocular

A compact, powerful monocular offering an incredible optical performance. This monocular has an impressive magnification and detection range, making it ideal for wildlife observation and recording thermal images at a distance. And with 64GB built-in storage, still images or video can be recorded at the push of a button.

Sensor: 640 × 512, 12µm, <18mK NETD
Lens: 50mm/F0.9
Magnification: 3.45 ×
Frame rate: 50Hz
Detection range: Up to 2,600m
Rating: IP67
Operating time: Up to 6 hours
Weight: 537g

Pixfra Arc 600 Series Thermal Imaging Monoculars

A great all-round choice at a competitive price point, this thermal monocular is compact, lightweight and has the widest field of view in the Pixfra range making it ideal for emergence surveys. A highly robust chassis and an IP67 rating mean that this monocular is incredibly durable and is built to withstand poor weather conditions, drops and scrapes in the field.

Sensor: 640 × 512, 12µm, NETD <30mK
Lens: 13mm/F1.0
Magnification: 0.875×
Frame rate: 50Hz
Detection range: 670m
Rating: IP67
Operating time: Up to 6.5h
Weight: 304g (excluding battery)

Pulsar Merger LRF XP50 Thermal Imaging Binoculars

High-spec, professional-level thermal binoculars, this device features a built-in laser range finder and a highly sensitive thermal sensor operating across a long detection range. Lightweight and durable, these advanced thermal optics are highly resistant to harsh environmental conditions and can be submerged in up to one meter of water for up to 30 minutes.

Sensor: 640 × 480, 17 µm, NETD <25mK
Lens: Fast aperture F50/1.0 germanium lens
Magnification: 2.5×-20× (and digital 8× zoom)
Frame rate: 50Hz
Detection range: 1,800m
Video/photo resolution: 1024p × 768p
Rating: IPX7
Operating time: Approx 10hrs
Weight: 800g

Pulsar Axion 2 XQ35 Pro Thermal Imaging Monocular

A lightweight and highly portable mid-range monocular, this thermal scope features an industry-leading sensor and a high-quality aperture objective lens to ensure clear, distinguished viewing. Innovative in design, this monocular allows for still image and video recording to internal memory, and is Wi-Fi enabled to allow for easy downloads to a mobile device.

Sensor: 384 × 288, 17 µm, NETD <25mK
Lens: Fast aperture Germanium 35mm/F1.0 objective lens
Magnification: 2-8×,
Detection range:1,300m @ 1.8m
Video/photo resolution: 528 x 400p
Rating: IPX7
Operating time: Up to 11 hours
Weight: 380g

Recommended Reading:

Thermal Imaging for Wildlife Applications

Paperback & Hardback | Oct 2023

A practical guide that collects findings from academic research and applied field protocols to inform readers on the fundamentals of the technology, its methods, equipment and applications.

The NHBS Harp Trap: New Model Assembly Instructions

This blog provides a step-by-step guide on to how to set up and disassemble the latest model of the NHBS manufactured Harp Trap.

Please note that the NHBS Harp Trap is a made-to-order item, contact us at customer.services@nhbs.com for enquiries and we will be happy to advise on the current lead time.

Handling your trap

The trap carry bag has been designed to allow handling/carrying by either one or two people.

What’s in the bag?

1 × Harp Trap, 4 × legs, 2 × support poles (in two parts), 1 × accessories pack (including instructions, 4 × pegs, 4 × guy ropes and spare line)

Please follow these instructions for correct assembly and disassembly. We recommend that this is carried out by two people.

Setting Up

1 . Carefully remove the harp trap from its carry bag and place the frame upright on the floor.

2 . Take the legs out of the carry bag and insert them into the holes on the underside of the frame – it is easiest to do this one end at a time. When required, all legs can be individually adjusted to raise the trap or to level out when setting up on uneven ground.

3 . Undo the straps and allow the collecting bag to settle by opening the arms of the frame out fully. If using guy ropes, attach them to the upper carriage now.

4 . Release the spring locking pins at both ends of the trap by pulling the lever out and rotating 90° to lock in the open position. Grab the longer piece of the support poles and hold upright with the connector facing down. Now, loosen the star handled screw and carefully lift the top carriage, raising it away from the main frame. Insert the support pole through the hole, where you removed the upper carriage from, and allow the poles to sit on the floor. Then insert the top carriage locating pins into the open end of the support poles.

5 . If using guy ropes, untie and allow to hang.

6. Working at the same pace, slowly raise the support pole so that the bottom of the pole is just below the lower part of the main frame, watching closely to ensure no strings get tangled. Once you reach this height, tighten the star handled screw to secure the support pole in position.

7 . Take the shorter parts of the support poles and attach them to the bottom of the longer parts by screwing together.

8 . With the support poles now at their full length, while holding on to them, loosen the star handled screw and continue to raise them, still working together and checking for any string snagging. Raise until the bottom of the pole is level (or as near as possible) with the bottom of the frame and tighten star handled screws.

9 . Engage both spring locking pins to secure the lower carriage.

10 . If you are using them for stability, you can now peg out the guy ropes and your trap is ready for use.

Disassembly

1 . If used, pull out the pegs and store them carefully.

2 . Release the spring locking pins from both ends of the trap. Hold the support poles (one person at each end) and loosen the star handled screws to lower the poles.

3 . Continue to slowly lower the poles and as you do so, carefully start winding the bottom line carrier, taking great care to ensure no lines get tangled. Guiding the lines with your hand/arm is key. Keep lowering the support poles slowly and evenly while winding the line carrier until the support poles rest on the floor.

4 . With the support poles resting on the ground, tighten the star handled screw to hold the pole in position, unscrew the lower/short part of the support pole and safely place to one side.

5 . Hold onto the support pole, loosen the thumb screw, and continue to lower until the pole sits on the ground. If used, gather up the guy ropes, tie them up, detach from the frame and place safely to one side.

6 . Now lift the top carriage off from the top of the support pole, slide the pole out from the frame and place to one side. Continue to lower the top carriage, whilst winding the bottom carriage, until the top carriage sits on the main frame.

7 . Once the top carriage has been lowered fully, engage the spring locking pins and tighten the star handled screw to secure it in place, fold the arms of the catch bag assembly inwards until they meet, wrap the bag around the trap and tie the straps to secure.

8 . Remove the legs from the frame, working on one end of the frame at a time is easiest. If you have extended the legs, to aid storage, reduce them to their shortest length.

9 . Place the guy ropes and pegs back in the accessories bag. Put the legs and the support poles in the bottom of the carry bag and finally, carefully place the trap and accessories bag back into the carry bag, safe and sound, ready for next time.