As anticipated, in 2025, UK seas have had their warmest temperatures since records began. The first seven months of the year average 0.2°C higher than any year since 1980.
The observable outcome of this is the sometimes-abundant appearance of marine species that are usually found in low numbers in UK waters – Common Octopus, Bluefin Tuna, Mauve Stingers and Barrel Jellyfish have all been observed at unprecedented levels. Although likely to delight some marine naturalists, the unusually high presence of these species could be indicative of ecosystem destabilisation and the collapse of the global aquatic food web.
An eco-populist shift for the Green party
Zack Polanski has won the election to lead the Green Party in the UK. Defeating Adrian Ramsay and Ellie Chowns, two of the party’s four elected MPs, Polanski promises to actualise his vision of a green, mass membership, ‘eco-populist’ movement. The new leader aims to reverse the perceived ineffectuality of the established party approach by tactically parroting, and ideologically challenging, Nigel Farage and Reform UK.
The new leader is ‘open to’ collaboration with Jeremy Corbyn and Zara Sultana’s temporarily titled ‘Your Party’ and has directly vowed to replace Keir Starmer’s Labour.
It is unclear what the Green’s ‘eco-populist’ shift will mean for UK politics, but Polanski’s election victory represents a significant development for a splintered but variously surging political left.
Campaigners from Wild Justice and the Badger Trust have launched a legal challenge against the government’s decision to award additional badger cull permits. The controversial decision to renew licences, despite a previously promised ‘phase out’, has been met with considerable pushback from campaigners who cite the shaky evidence used to justify the culling of badgers in the UK. Rosie Wood, chairperson of the Badger Trust, says that ‘Bovine TB is overwhelmingly a cattle-to-cattle spread disease.? Follow the evidence – end the badger cull, stop this egregious attack on nature and stop misleading the public, farmers and the taxpayer.’ Look out for her commentary on the ongoing case in an upcoming issue of British Wildlife.
A setback for the global plastics treaty
The United Nations meeting marked the most recent push to actualise a global plastics treaty. Representatives of 100 nations called for an ambitious and effective treaty to curtail global plastic production but were stalled by 234 lobbyists from the oil industry who argued instead for a focus on ‘recycling’ and the continuation of unregulated plastic production. This breakdown of negotiation is the latest in a long line of failures to meet deadlines for the treaty – meaning business as usual for oil states and the accelerated detriment for ecosystems.
NHBS has teamed up with the Wild Planet Trust as part of our ongoing commitment to support wildlife and conservation. We have donated over 30 habitat boxes alongside wildlife cameras for use both on their local reserves and zoo sites.
We recently had the opportunity to speak with Reserves Warden Dave Ellacott, who is responsible for both the Primely and Clennon reserves. This week, we chatted to him about the work of the trust, his plans for the donated boxes and what successes and challenges he faces in his work.
Firstly, can you tell us a little bit about Wild Planet Trust, what you do and how the organisation began?
Wild Planet Trust – previously called the Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust – operates zoos, but we also manage nature reserves. I look after two of them: Primley and Clennon. Primley is what remains of the old garden and parkland that surrounded Primley House, the former estate of the Whitley family and residence of the zoo’s founder, Herbert Whitley. In 1995, the first warden was brought in to transform it into a local nature reserve and public open space. It’s been a popular spot for locals ever since. Clennon serves a slightly different purpose. For the most part, there is no public access. This allows us to safeguard the habitat from disturbances caused by human presence. However, Paignton Zoo’s Nature Trail, which zoo visitors can access, offers the public the opportunity to experience a small corner of this reserve, including our traditionally managed coppice woodland. Both reserves play their part in supporting local ecosystems while offering people genuinely rewarding places to connect with nature.
What are you hoping to achieve with the installation of our habitat boxes across your three nature reserves?
These sites already have considerable natural assets – caves, some magnificent veteran trees, and areas we deliberately leave undisturbed. The habitat boxes should provide those additional ecological niches that might otherwise be absent. It’s about creating opportunities for species that need very specific conditions for nesting or shelter. Every habitat has its gaps, and these installations should help fill some of those spaces. We’re curious to see what takes up residence and how it might shift the balance of wildlife we’re already supporting.
A large part of the work that Wild Planet Trust does is focused on educating the next generation on the natural world. Why do you think this is so important?
While education isn’t really my area – I’m more focused on the practical side of habitat management – I can see how these reserves function as living demonstrations of what healthy ecosystems actually look like. When families explore the Nature Trail at Clennon or spend time wandering Primley’s varied landscapes, they’re experiencing woodland, meadow, and wetland habitats firsthand rather than just reading about them. There’s something valuable in that direct encounter with nature that you simply can’t replicate in a classroom. People need to feel that connection before they truly understand why conservation matters.
What conservation challenges have you faced over the past few years?
Ash Dieback has been particularly challenging – it’s an ongoing process of assessment, removal, and replanting that’s fundamentally altered the character of our woodlands. You’re constantly weighing safety against habitat value and planning for a very different canopy structure than what was there before. Then there’s the perpetual balancing act between maintaining public access and protecting sensitive habitats – you want people to engage with these places without compromising their ecological integrity. But we’re increasingly seeing the impact from climate change too, which adds another layer of complexity. From gradual shifts in species behaviour and plant communities, to the sudden loss of our 230-year-old Lucombe oak in Primley during Storm Kathleen last year – we’re continuously having to adapt our management approaches while working within realistic resource constraints. All of this means being strategic about where you can make the most meaningful impact.
Halting species decline and preserving vital ecosystems is a key aspect of the work you do. Do you have a favourite success story that you can share with us?
The transformation of Primley’s meadowland over the past three decades is probably our most satisfying long-term achievement. It’s been a simple but persistent approach – removing the annual hay crop to gradually reduce soil fertility and allow a more diverse plant community to establish. What was once a rather monotonous sward dominated by aggressive grasses has evolved into diverse wildflower meadow. The change has been incremental but vital for native biodiversity, supporting insects, birds, and small mammals. It’s a perfect example of how patient, consistent management can restore ecosystems, even if the results take decades to fully appreciate.
Finally, are you working on any other conservation projects at the moment that we can hear about?
Maintaining what we have certainly keeps us occupied, but we’re also developing some thoughtful enhancement projects. We’re planning watercourse improvements across both sites – installing leaky dams and other features that should improve flood resilience while creating diverse wetland habitats. The Ash Dieback situation, while challenging, has also created opportunities to diversify our woodland structure with more resilient native species. We’re thinking carefully about connectivity too – how these reserves can better serve as stepping stones in the broader landscape for wildlife movement. It’s about working pragmatically with the challenges we face while looking for those opportunities to genuinely improve what we can offer.
“Make Ecocide An International Crime Now” sign on the tarmac at a rally against climate change – Ivan Radic,Flickr
Progress towards the recognition of ecocide as an international crime
A motion (motion 061), supported by the Wildlife trusts among other environmental groups, invites IUCN members to support the recognition of ecocide as an international crime. Supporters, including wildlife trusts CEO Craig Bennett, argue that recognition would ensure that no actor can cause severe, widespread or long-term harm to nature without facing criminal consequences. Proponents have argued for decades (including a notable 10-year campaign led by barrister and green ambassador Polly Higgins) that international recognition of ecocide as a crime is essential if we are to collectively mitigate global environmental crises and protect nature. The motion will be considered at the next IUCN World Conservation Congress, set to take place in Abu Dhabi, UAE, in October.
Restrictions on the use of lead ammunition in Britain
Almost all shotgun pellets and bullets containing lead are to be banned in the UK under restrictions which will be phased in between 2025- 2028. The persistence of the usage of lead in shooting has led to the death of an estimated 100,000 waterfowl each year, alongside countless other grit-eating birds, raptors and scavengers. The new restrictions have been welcomed by environmental groups and are consequent to a decades long campaign. The story up to this point was covered in British Wildlife Volume 36.4.
Image from Gulf Oil Spill Bird Treatment in Louisiana provided by International Bird Rescue Research Center. Photo by Brian Epstein via IBRRC, Flickr
The global impact of chronic oiling
The Guardian and Watershed Investigations have revealed damning statistics which underly a lack of understanding of the extent of oil spills in global seas. Extensive research, through the analysis of hundreds of thousands of satellite images over a five-year period shows that only 474 of more than 90,000 oil slicks from ships were reported to authorities between 2014 and 2019. The figures suggest that the extent of anthropogenic oil pollution has been grossly underestimated.
Lost jellyfish rediscovered
A species of stalked jellyfish, Depastrum cyathiforme, that had not been seen anywhere globally for more than 40 years and had never captured on camera has reemerged in the Outer Hebrides.
Naturalist, Neil Roberts, took the first photographs of the thistle shaped jellyfish in 2023. Its rediscovery, revealed by British Wildlife magazine, has been confirmed by a follow-up search that successfully located another individual. Marine naturalists have called for further exploration to establish whether populations exist outside of South Uist, around wider Britain and mainland Europe.
Course attendees learning small mammal survey techniques at the Field Studies Council’s Preston Montford activity centre
In the lead-up to this year’s National Mammal Week (21st-27th April), NHBS was kindly invited by the Mammal Society a preview of their new Mammal Identification and Ecology residential training course.
The Mammal Society is an active charity and learned society dedicated to the study and conservation of all British mammals. Founded in 1954, the organisation plays a crucial role in promoting research, education, and advocacy for mammal conservation. The Mammal Society works closely with scientists, policymakers, and the public to gather data, inform policy, and raise awareness about the importance of preserving Britain’s mammals species. The society’s efforts are vital in addressing the challenges faced by mammals, including habitat loss, climate change, and human activities.
Course attendees surveying habitat at the Field Studies Council’s Preston Montford activity centre
A golden ticket
I was fortunate enough to receive the golden ticket to this enriching experience – a preview of a new immersive, hands-on training course focused on British mammals. Heading to Field Studies Council (FSC) Preston Montford activity centre, I was looking forward to engaging with ecologists, conservationists, and enthusiasts, all united by their passion for conserving UK mammal populations. I was also excited to gain insights into the equipment and methods used for monitoring mammals and to enhance my own identification skills.
The training course aimed to introduce participants to the skills needed for mammal identification and help us familiarise ourselves with various monitoring methods. These skills are crucial for accurately tracking population trends, population movements, and the factors influencing changes in conservation status. With one in four mammal species threatened with extinction in Britain, gathering detailed data is more important than ever.
The FSC’s centre, surrounded by fields, woodland, ponds, and the nearby River Wye, provided an ideal backdrop for a mix of fieldwork and classroom-based learning. With the added presence of an evening bar, this was a most appropriate venue where course participants could exchange their thoughts and evaluations.
Diving into mammal identification
The course kicked off on Friday evening with a hands-on session preparing Longworth Small Mammal Traps. We strategically placed 40 traps in an area of mixed habitat (the more traps you put out the better the chances of success). We added hay to each trap and baited them with seeds and blowfly pupae to attract rodents and shrews. The next morning, our efforts were rewarded with the capture of a Wood Mouse and a Common Shrew. It was fascinating to learn about the shrew’s high metabolic rate and the importance of providing food in the traps.
Longworth Small Mammal Traps ready for deployment (left) and a mix of hay, seeds and blowfly larvae (right).A Wood Mouse (left) and a Common Shrew (right) from the Longworth traps.
Additional monitoring methods included audio recording equipment, a Mammal Footprint Tunnel, and an improvised close-focus camera trap. The overnight footage from the camera revealed some curious Rabbits, adding to the excitement of our findings.
Footprint tunnel (left) and a trail camera tunnel (right) left out to survey mammals.
Classroom insights and field adventures
Saturday was packed with classroom sessions in a room that had been kitted out with mammal skins, skulls, nests, owl pellets, droppings and publications. The morning session was devoted to gaining a deeper understanding of small mammals and their ecological roles. The afternoon session focused on herbivores, teaching us how to identify the six species of deer in the UK and recognise signs of Wild Boar presence, such as uprooted turf.
A highlight of the day was the field session, where we searched for signs of mammal activity. From tunnels through grass and soil to footprints, droppings and gnawed hazelnuts, the landscape was teeming with evidence of our furry neighbours. The evening session on carnivores was equally engaging, with discussions on the UK’s mustelids, the elusive Wildcat, and the controversies surrounding mammal persecution and reintroduction.
The evening concluded with a session on bats, followed by a thrilling field trip with bat detectors and thermal imaging monoculars.
Dan dissecting owl pellets to assess the contents.
Sunday morning saw us checking the results from our field monitoring equipment. The most challenging part for me was the classroom session on tracks and signs, where I struggled with a footprint quiz. Dissecting owl pellets was a unique experience, revealing the remains a Field Vole and a Common Shrew in the pellet I looked at.
Owl pellets (left) and exposed Field Vole skull, bones and fur (right).
The final session covered sea mammals, such as dolphins, whales and seals after which a weekend of comprehensive learning was rounded off with a course evaluation.
Post-event musings
The Mammal Society’s training course was an invaluable experience, combining hands-on fieldwork with insightful classroom sessions. I returned with a deeper understanding of the diversity and complexity of the UK’s mammals, as well as the importance of ongoing conservation efforts. Equally, I gained a refreshed appreciation for the profound knowledge and dedication of the members of the Mammal Society. I also learned about some handy wildlife recording apps, such as the Mammal Society’s own Mammal Mapper, and iRecord for all biological recording. Whether you’re a seasoned ecologist or a curious enthusiast, you’re sure to return from this training enlightened and motivated.
Often seen as mere picnic nuisances, the UK is home to a surprising variety of wasps, including both social and solitary species. While many of us will be familiar with the iconic black and yellow social wasps, numerous solitary species display incredible diversity in both form and behaviour. Distinguishing them can seem daunting, but key features like body shape, coloration, and reproductive behaviour can offer valuable clues.
Here, we’ll explore a selection of common wasp species, and some wasp families found across the UK, detailing their identifying characteristics and the typical habitats they can be found in.
Common European Yellowjacket (Vespa vulgaris)
Common wasp DSC_5493_edited-1 by Clifton Beard, via flickr.
Identification: Between 11-19mm in length with striking black and yellow stripes.These social wasps have six abdominal sections, each with one stripe, and there is a very distinguished waist between the thorax and the abdomen, which has black dots and rings. The species has a conspicuous face on a triangular shaped head with a black anchor or dagger shaped mark towards the base, and a pair of long, robust antennae. They have yellow cheeks and yellow legs.
Distribution: Widespread throughout the UK. Common Social Wasps can be found in almost all habitats, particularly grassland, heathland and woodland from mid-March to November.
Red Wasp (Vespula rufa)
Rote Wespe (Vespula rufa) by Frank Vassen, via flickr.
Identification: Growing up to 20mm in length, Red Wasps can easily be distinguished from V. vulgaris by reddish-brown markings on their upper back segments.
Distribution: Widespread, and frequently found in open woodland, moorland and hedge banks from the end of March until September.
Identification: Hornets are Britain’s largest social wasp species. Around 15-35mm in size. The abdomen is yellow and unbanded, with brown markings on the upper parts, while the thorax is black and reddish-brown. Their legs are a reddish brown – a characteristic that can distinguish them from Asian Hornets – and antennae are yellow or brown in colour.
Distribution: Widespread distribution and commonly found throughout England and Wales. Hornets can be found in many lowland habitats and are known to associate with ancient woodland, wood pasture and can be found in parks and gardens in more urban areas. Queens emerge from overwintering in early April, while workers can typically be seen from late June to November.
Identification: Typically smaller than native hornets, this invasive species can grow up to 3cm in length. Their abdomen is dark in colour with fine yellow stripes, and the fourth segment towards the base of the hornet is distinctly yellow orange in colour, while the thorax is entirely black or dark brown and appears velvety in texture. From the front, the head appears orange and the legs have yellow tips.
Distribution: Yellow-legged Asian Hornets were first recorded in England around 2016, after they were accidentally introduced from Asia. They have mostly been recorded in the south of England, particularly the South-east.
Wasp Families
The diversity of wasp families in the UK is vast and presents a significant identification challenge. In this blog, we have chosen to focus on a number of wasp families to demonstrate the wonderful diversity of this group.
Ichneumon Wasps
Sabre Wasp – Rhyssa persuasoria by Nature Spot. Ichneumon wasp by nutmeg66, via flickr. Barylypa propugnator by Nature Spot.
There are around 2,500 species of Ichneumon wasp in the UK. These small insects can vary in size but generally reach up to 1 ½ inches in length. They exhibit a wide range of colours and patterns, some with brightly coloured bands, and others with more subtle markings. Ichneumon Wasps can be distinguished by a slender sickle-shaped abdomen and a pair of long antennae, each with at least 16 segments. They have a narrow waist, long jointed legs and two pairs of wings. These parasitic wasps inhabit flower-rich meadows, gardens and woodland – they can often be seen around umbellifers or investigating vegetation and dead wood.
The UK is estimated to have 86 Gall Wasps, a group of well-studied parasitic wasps.This group gets its name for a unique reproductive behaviour where adults lay eggs in the soft tissues of trees, flowers and other plants, creating a gall as the larva develop. Usually on the underside of leaves, branches and around acorns, these wasps produce conspicuous galls on their host plant – interestingly, they usually only infect a specific species of genus, for example, Citrus Gall Wasps will exclusively parasitise citrus trees.After overwintering, the larvae will emerge in spring and can be seen throughout summer. They are typically under 5mm in size, shiny, and are black or brown in colour with a humped thorax and wings.
Cuckoo Wasps
Crysis cf impressa close-cropped by Nigel Jones, via flickr. Chrysis fulgida by Ryszard, via flickr. Chrysis viridula by Tim Worfolk, via flickr.
Instantly recognisable by their brilliant metallic body colours in shades of blue, green, purple and red, these small chrysidids are also known as jewel or ruby tailed wasps. There are around 31 species of Cuckoo Wasp in the UK, which can be seen in sunny weather from April to October in a range of habitats; particularly in sandy soils around coastal areas, gardens and ancient woodlands. The group are often seen investigating the nests of other Hymenoptera species in order to reproduce – these parasitic species will enter the host nest and lay their own eggs in the host cells. Once hatched, Cuckoo wasp larvae will eat the eggs and larvae of the host species before restarting the cycle – hence the name ‘cuckoo’.
Recommended Reading:
Wasps of the World | Feb 2024
A richly illustrated guide to wasps around the world, providing a breathtaking look at the characteristics, habitats and lifestyles of these extraordinary insects.
Wasps | May 2021
Written by a leading authority on these remarkable insects, Wasps reveals a world of staggering variety and endless fascination and is packed with over 150 incredible colour illustrations.
Hymenoptera | May 2023
Comprehensive and packed with richly illustrated keys and thousands of colour photographs, this volume provides the reader with an enjoyable introduction to a huge group of organisms.
FSC Discovery Guide: Buzzing Insects | March 2025
From Marmalade Hoverflies to Chocolate Mining-bees, discover 30 stripy insects that buzz, whizz and hover through meadows, parks and gardens with this compact fold-out guide.
2025 marks the fifth year that NHBS has participated in Plantlife’s #NoMowMay campaign which encourages people across the UK to put away their lawnmowers and let their grass grow wild throughout the spring, with the aim of providing vital habitats for a wide range of species. As in previous years, we requested that the verges and lawns surrounding the premises be spared from mowing or strimming from late April and all through May to allow more plant species to flower.
We’ve seen good numbers of daisies, buttercups and Germander Speedwell alongside a handful of charming clover species including Red and White Clovers and Black and Spotted Medick. Ribwort Plantain, Common Vetch, Ox-eye Daisy and docks are adding height in places and a handful of common grass species are present and swaying nicely.
Common Spotted Orchid
We do have one beautiful Common Spotted Orchid flowering now as June begins, though sadly, there’s not been returning Bee Orchids this year, for the first time while we’ve been participating in the campaign.
There’s been a fair few bees, wasps, flies and beetles visiting the flowers, though invertebrate activity all round has felt somewhat diminished from previous years. Through May we had scattered sightings of Orange-Tip, Peacock and Tortoiseshell butterflies, and now as June is arriving Meadow Browns have emerged.
#NoMowMay is a fantastic initiative by Plantlife that has highlighted the importance of giving wild plants places to thrive through a crucial stage in their lifecycles and therefore enrich and advance the opportunities for pollinator species, and the wider web of life that depends upon green spaces, including us humans. It’s vital that spaces are left wilder for longer than May, and to encourage this, Plantlife are encouraging the public to let their lawns or grassy areas continue to bloom through June (and again, ideally beyond) with #LetitbloomJune! We’re hopeful that our lawn will be left to flower throughout the summer too.
Outside NHBS at the beginning of June 2025
At NHBS we offer a large variety of books for learning more about habitat maintenance, the importance of species who rely on the restoration and reinvigoration of wilder spaces and many helpful field guides for identifying who’s growing in and visiting your local park or garden!
NHBS is proud to celebrate its 40th anniversary, marking four decades of supporting those who work to understand, protect, and conserve the naturalenvironment.
History of NHBS
Founded by Bernard Mercer in 1985 as the Natural History Book Service, NHBS began as a mail-order supplier of ornithology books based in London. Our first catalogue was hand-crafted on a state-of-the-art electronic typewriter! Within two years, we evolved into a comprehensive natural history bookstore, committed to supplying all in-print literature on both natural history and science. Shortly after, we relocated to Totnes in Devon, and we have remained here on the edge of the River Dart ever since.
By the late 1980s, in response to customer demand, NHBS expanded its subject range to include habitat and species conservation, climate change, environmental assessment and more. In May 1995, we ventured online with the launch of our first website, and as digital communication grew, our website and email newsletters became increasingly important, leading to our final newspaper catalogue in 2005.
At the start of the new millennium, NHBS began expanding its range to include products such as bat detectors, trail cameras and moth traps,having recognised the growing demand for nature-based equipment. Today, we offer a comprehensive range of books and practical equipment for ecologists, researchers, educational professionals, and wildlife enthusiasts alike.
“Celebrating 40 years is a testament to the dedication and passion of our team and the unwavering support of our customers. We are committed to continuing our mission to provide the best resources and tools for those who strive to protect and understand our natural world.”
Bernard Mercer – Founder and owner
NHBS Around the World
NHBS’s global customer base has led to us sending products to even the most remote corners of the world.These include the Black River in Mauritius, Ascension Island, Benbecula in the Hebrides and Mount Athos in Greece.Our parcels have reached over 140 countries, supporting researchers, educators, and conservationists wherever they are based.
NHBS parcel distribution
The NHBS Mission
Since we began in the 1980s, our core purpose has been to support individuals and organisations working to understand, protect, and conserve the natural environment.
Forty years on, this continues to drive us, shaping our decisions and inspiring our ongoing work in the conservation world.
We’re have collaborated with a wide range of leading NGOs such as Butterfly Conservation, The Riverfly Partnership and Buglife, and to date, we have donated over £35,000 to support their vital work. In 1999 we also developed the Gratis Book Scheme, which was launched alongside the British Ecological Society and successfully delivered hundreds of books free of charge to students living in developing countries.
Thank you and Looking Ahead
As we reflect on the past 40 years, we’re grateful for our valued customers and the countless individuals and organisations we’ve had the privilege of supporting. We are proud to have forged close partnerships with many conservation organisations who share our values – the Mammal Society, Butterfly Conservation, Bat Conservation Trust and CIEEM, to name just a few, and we look forward to working together to better British conservation.
Looking ahead, we are excited about the future of NHBS and the continued pursuit to fulfil our mission to empower and support those working in conservation.
Thank you for being part of our journey and we look forward to the next 40 years!
The NHBS team
The NHBS team at our recent 40th anniversary celebration
Placed on the IUCN Red List in 2021, Swifts are now recognised as one of Britain’s most endangered bird species, having suffered a staggering population decline of around 60% in just 25 years. These incredible birds return to the same nesting site each year after migrating from a summer in Africa, however due to urban development and land use changes, their natural nesting sites are rapidly disappearing, which is accelerating their already concerning population decline.
Suzanne and RSPB Community Engagement Officer Roshni Parmar-Hill on installation day.
In 2024, over 40 residents of two neighbouring streets in Swinton, Salford decided to take action and create their own ‘Swift Street.’ This community-led project saw the creation and installation of over 100 specialist nest boxes, providing essential nesting spaces for their local swift colony. The Swift Street initiative is part of a wider effort to transform Manchester into a Swift City and ensure the long-term survival of these endangered birds.
In this blog, resident Suzanne Pendleton and RSPB Community Engagement Officer Roshni Parmar-Hill tell us about their journey to create the largest Swift Street in the north-west of England.
My Swift Street Experience – Suzanne Pendleton
My name is Suzanne Pendleton, and I am a mum to two girls, Molly and Tess. I have lived in Houghton Lane in Swinton, Salford with them and my hubby for 30 years, and have been involved in the Greater Manchester Swift Street initiative since August 2024.
During lockdown, I started to value spending more and more time in our little garden as so many people did, and whilst I was outside, I spotted a number of birds zooming around, screaming and flying over our house. At first I wasn’t quite sure what they were, so I asked my friend Kathleen and she enlightened me that they were Swifts! Swifts are migratory birds, so when summer ended they left Swinton and headed back to Africa, but every year I eagerly anticipate their return.
Over time, my understanding of this species grew, and I learnt of their declining population numbers – whilst also developing a stiff neck constantly looking up to the sky to watch their incredible manoeuvres! I am privileged to live in a friendly community on Houghton Lane, so I messaged our community group and asked if anyone knew about our Swift population, or where they may be nesting. Initially we were unsuccessful in locating their nesting sites, however we struck gold in Spring 2024 with the help of the Swift Mapper appand discovered we had four nest sites on Houghton Lane and its surrounding roads.
In this time, I’d also discovered that there was another small colony located less that 1/4 mile away, and a resident of this local road got in touch to tell us that Roshni from the RSPB had been to visit their colony and help establish their Swift Street – she then asked if we would be interested in developing our own Swift Street on Houghton Lane. I think we are so privileged that these incredible urban birds choose to nest on our lane, and as their nesting sites are often threatened by redevelopment, having the means to install boxes provides us with a wonderful opportunity to support them.
Residents Suzanne Pendleton and Kathleen Sides holding up the Swift boxes made by The Skills Company, Trafford.
This project has been a whole-community effort, superbly guided by the wonderful Roshni. With her incredible support and guidance, we used our community group to share the news of the development and launch of our own Swift Street, and we were overwhelmed by the local response. So many families were keen to support our Swift population, and we received requests for over 80 boxes. In January, we were blessed with some bright days, which allowed us to visit each home that had requested a Swift box and advise the families in selecting a suitable aspect and position for their box. As we chatted to more residents about the project I grew in confidence talking about Swifts, and increased my own knowledge too.
Roshni also gathered support from a local college who built our Swift boxes, whilst a local resident, Haldis, made our nest cups. Roshni and several Swift Ambassadors (volunteers who work alongside communities to raise awareness of Swifts and encourage positive action to protect them) then visited our Girl Guiding group to lead some Swift-themed activities which captivated the girls’ interest. They loved learning about the species and contributing to the project by painting our boxes with bird-friendly materials recommended by the RSPB. Saturday 8th March was our first installation day, and local roofer Ryan put up 25 boxes. Since then, we have now installed over 80 along the street, and we are ready for the first wave of our Swift populations to return!
Ryan Cawdron installing boxes on Houghton Lane.
It’s been an absolute honour to be involved in this project, and I feel so lucky that our community can do something practical to support our local Swifts.
RSPB Community Engagement Officer – Roshni Parmar-Hill
I’ve been so privileged to work alongside individuals as passionate and energetic as Suzanne whilst bringing the Swinton Swift Street project to life. This truly is a community endeavour – proving that, to misquote a famous phrase ‘it takes a village to save a Swift’. From Suzanne’s tireless recruitment of her neighbours’ support along her street, and the hard work of her Girl Guide pack painting and waterproofing the nest boxes, to the students of independent skills provider The SkillCentre in Trafford who constructed the boxes, it’s been a joy to see so many people pull together to take positive action for nature.
Swift boxes being carefully stored at Haldis Corry’s house (a Swift Champion who lives nearby)
The screaming calls of migratory Swifts are what first drew Suzanne to this species and fostered her connection. If we want to keep welcoming them back screeching overhead every summer, then they need our help now more than ever to create and protect safe nesting habitats. This incredible species travels a whopping 3400 miles to reach the UK from East Africa every year – crossing 25 countries over the course of 4 weeks in their journey to reach us. Swifts spend most of their time in the air – feeding, sleeping and even mating all whilst in flight! – only landing to nest, which is where Suzanne and her neighbours come in.
Swifts return to the exact same nesting spot every year, but increasingly these nesting sites have been hit by property renovations and the removal of old buildings. This has contributed to a 62% decline in Swift numbers between 1995 and 2020, and the species have now been added to the UK’s Red List of Birds, meaning its amongst our most endangered. However, with the installation of over 80 nest boxes on Suzanne’s street, we intend to grow another new urban Swift colony and build on wider ongoing work to develop Manchester into a Swift City. This project is supported by the expansion of our network of brilliant ‘Swift Champions’ who are leading the development of nesting sites at scale, manufacturing swift boxes and raising people’s awareness and engagement of the project and species through walks, talks and workshops.
Roshni and Seamus making Swift Egg cups on a cold January day.
As Suzanne and her neighbours now prepare for a special Swift Homecoming Street Party to officially declare it a Swift Street and welcome their bird’s home, all eyes will be fixed on the skies for a glimpse of the street’s feathered residents moving into their new addresses…
Orchidaceae, a family boasting over 28,000 species worldwide, are renowned for their intricate beauty and fascinating adaptations. These perennial plants exhibit a remarkable diversity of forms, even within species, with flowers featuring three sepals and three petals, one of which often forms a distinctive lower lip (the labellum) which is an important identification feature. They rely on diverse pollination methods, often involving intricate relationships with insects and fungi, and are highly specialised to survive in specific habitats.
The UK is home to 57 native orchid species, ranging from common meadow flowers to prized rarities. This blog explores a group of these British orchids and provides information on both their identifying characteristics and distribution in the UK.
Identification: Bird’s-nest Orchids are incredibly distinctive and are named for their unique root system that resembles a bird’s nest. They have no leaves, and do not have chlorophyll, so they rely on nutrients provided by mycorrhizal fungi in the soil.
The cylindrical spike grows up to 50cm in height and can carry up to 100 yellow-brown flowers that smell like honey. The sepals and upper petals are short and form a fan-shaped hood at the top of the flower. At the base is a broad, long lobe that is forked in the middle, and at the base of this lip is a shallow cup of nectar which is used to attract small insects for fertilisation.
Distribution: This species has a scattered distribution throughout the UK but is locally common in southern England and Northern Ireland. Bird’s-nest Orchids can be found in mature woodland, especially those with beech and Yew, in southern England and typically flower from early May to late June.
Identification: This distinctive orchid has two variations: early flowering and late flowering forms, which exhibit subtle differences in flower colour. This orchid is conical to cylindrical in shape and features densely packed, deep-purple flower buds. These flowers have dark purple-red sepals and pale petals, including a four lobed white lip with red-purple spots.
Early Flowering Form: Grows up to 10cm tall, with a closely packed flower spike bearing up to 50 small flowers. The sepals and upper petals form a tight, darkly coloured hood, which appears red-brown when the flowers first open and quickly fades as the bud matures. It has a long white lip with two rounded side lobes, and a bluntly forked central lobe. Early flowering forms have a strong, sweet scent and are pollinated by flies.
Late Flowering Form: Typically found between 8 and 15cm in height. Late flowering form flowers have shorter, blunter lobes and the red colouring on the hood remains strong even with maturity. The edges of the lip are usually flushed with colour, which can spread over the whole lip in some cases.
Distribution: Formerly widespread throughout the UK but has undergone declines in the north and midlands. It is now found in a few localities, mainly in southern England, on chalk and limestone grassland and meadows. Early flowering forms bloom mid May to mid June. Later flowering forms bloom late June to early August.
Identification: Greater Butterfly Orchids can grow up to 60cm in height. The plant consists of a tall spike of up to 40 greenish-white flowers in a loose cluster. The overall flower structure is similar to Lesser Butterfly Orchids and has ovate lateral sepals with a wavy edge like the wings of a butterfly. The upper sepal and petals form a broad, green-white hood and a long, translucent lip has a green tip. At the base of the stem, there are two large, shiny leaves that are blue green in colour and elliptical in shape.
Distribution: Widespread throughout the UK, but most common in southern England. Found in meadows, open scrub, grassland and ancient woodland on chalk grassland or calcareous soil. Flowers from late May to late July, where they emit a powerful scent at night and are pollinated by moths.
Identification: Up to 70cm in height, the spike is either pyramidal or cylindrical in shape and can host up to 70 flowers at a time, all various shades of pink, purple and on occasion, white.
The flowers are slightly scented and are pollinated by a range of insects but are particularly attractive to day-flying moths. They have a three lobed lip with a larger, more triangular central lobe that is marked with a pattern of dark pink spots and stripes. The lateral sepals are spreading, and dorsal sepals and upper petals form a loose hood at the top of the flower. All petals and sepals are marked with dark pink lines and dots. It has spotted, narrow basal leaves that form a rosette at ground level.
Distribution: One of the most common and widespread orchids in the UK, but is absent from much of Cornwall, Devon and northern Scotland. They can be found in a range of habitats, including woodland, dry grassland, wet meadows, marshes, man-made road verges and railway embankments. Common-spotted Orchids can be found in flower from mid-May to early August.
Identification: This species is named for the pyramid shape of its flower spike during early growth stages, before it matures into an elongated, cylindrical shape. The flower spike grows up to 60cm in height and is densely flowered with up to 100 flowers at a time. These can be pale pink, to reddish pink in colour and have a sweet vanilla-like scent. The lower lip is divided into three lobes, which can vary in shape, and the sepals and upper petals form a tight hood over the flower. Pyramidal Orchids have up to four grey-green, narrow basal leaves.
Distribution: Common and widespread in England and Wales. It can be found on grassland and sand dunes on chalk and limestone soils, and grows well on human-made habitats, including road verges and roundabouts.
Identification: These distinctive plants have a flower that resembles the body of a bumblebee – a pattern that has since lost significance in the UK, so this species relies on self-pollination.
It grows between 10-50cm in height, and each plant can develop up to seven good-sized flowers. At the base of the stem, there is a rosette of five to six grey green basal leaves – these sit at ground level and have two sheathing leaves that grow upwards on the stem. The distinctive, velvety lip has three lobes – the central section is slightly convex and the side lobes form two small humps. It is rich maroon to purple-brown in colour, with grey and pale-yellow markings. The three wing-like sepals are pink and have a central green vein. Upper petals are brown and cylindrical in shape, forming the antennae of the bee.
Distribution: Found throughout Britain, although scarce in Cornwall, north Devon and Scotland. Bee Orchids can be found on dry chalk and limestone grasslands, calcareous dunes and roadsides or waste ground. Flowers from early June to late July.
Identification: This fascinating species has evolved to resemble an insect in order to attract pollinators. Fly Orchids can grow up to 60cm in height and can bear up to 15 flowers on a spindly stem. The flower has a velvety texture and is dark purplish brown in colour with an iridescent blue band in the middle of the lip. The lip is long, with two short side lobes, and a central lobe that is notched at the bottom. At the base, there are two coloured patches that resemble eyes, with the same velvety texture. The flower has three sepals that are pointed, yellow green in colour and stiff. The thin upper petals are dark purple or brown and resemble antennae.
Fly Orchids typically have three to four dark green basal leaves, that are shiny on the surface and have blunt tips.
Distribution: Widespread throughout the UK, but populations are declining and are fairly scattered in northern England and north Wales due to habitat loss. Fly Orchids can be found in deciduous open woodland, open scrub, grassland, quarries and roadside banks on chalk and limestone soils, and flowers from May to early June.
Identification: A distinctive purple flower on a tall spike. Early Purple Orchids can grow up to 60cm in height, and are easily recognisable by their pink-purple flowers and spotted leaves. The flower spike is oval or cylindrical, carries up to fifty flowers at once on a dense cone-shaped cluster, and has darkly spotted, glossy basal leaves that form a rosette on the ground.
Their sepals spread upwards, and the lip is broad with three lobes and lightly crinkled edges. The centre of this broad lip is paler in colour, and features darker coloured spots over the surface. Upper petals and sepals form a hood at the top of the flower, which has a sweet honey-like scent, that quickly turns unpleasant (likened to tomcat urine) as the flower matures. Flowers do not produce nectar and are pollinated by a variety of bees.
Distribution: Early Purple Orchids can be found throughout the UK, with very scattered groups or complete absence in some regions due to habitat loss and agricultural management. These orchids are found mainly on chalk and limestone soils, in woodland, grassland, rocky cliffs, road verges and embankments. Flowers first appear in spring, typically from early April to early June.
Identification: Common Twayblades can be readily identified by a pair of broad, round or egg-shaped basal leaves that are flush to the ground. The hairy flower spike can grow up to 50cm in height and contains up to 100 clustered, green flowers that are likened to small people – the upper petals and sepals form a hood over a long, yellowish-green forked lip which resemble legs. They have a slightly musky scent and are pollinated by small insects including wasps, beetles and sawflies.
Distribution: Common and widely distributed throughout the UK. Common Twayblades can be found on grassland, deciduous woodland, dune slacks, road verges and chalky soils. Flowers from late April to early August.
A magnificent work combining close to 100 illustrative plates with over 1,000 colour photos to cover all orchid species, subspecies and varieties, as well as hybrids, at all stages of development.
Presents the first comprehensive overview of all named orchid taxa from Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, covering etymology, flowering period, habitat, geographical distribution and more for each taxon.
With colour paintings covering 69 species, subspecies and hybrids, this 12-panel chart covers all the orchids that are likely to be seen in Great Britain (including the Channel Islands) and Ireland.
A bird table is a great way to provide supplementary food sources to local bird species, especially during harsh winter months, and offers a delightful window into the lives of our local birdlife. This added food source can have significant positive impacts on the overall health, condition, and breeding success of bird populations in the UK, but with this support comes the responsibility of ensuring a clean and healthy feeding environment. Feeders can quickly become breeding grounds for harmful bacteria, encouraging the spread of diseases such as avian trichomoniasis and avian influenza, so it is important to understand how to keep them clean.
In this blog, we detail how to clean and maintain garden bird tables and feeders throughout the year, and highlight the importance of good hygiene for bird conservation in the UK.
Maintaining good bird table hygiene to mitigate the spread of disease is of growing importance. British birds are under significant pressure from habitat loss, land use change and increasing urbanisation across the country – and conditions like avian trichomoniasis, a contagious disease partly responsible for widespread declines of Greenfinches in the UK, can be easily spread through contaminated food dropped by infected birds. Proper bird table hygiene can not only mitigate the spread of disease, but can also minimise the attraction of pest species like mice and rats, which pose a risk to human health through the transmission of zoonotic diseases.
Disease prevention extends beyond simple cleaning – positioning bird tables away from perching or roosting areas minimizes contamination from falling debris or excess faeces, andprioritizing designs that attract smaller songbirds can also reduce the concentration of larger, messier species like pigeons. Replacing older tables, which typically have a lifespan of around five years, also ensures that damaged or difficult-to-clean surfaces don’t become persistent reservoirs for pathogens.
Daily maintenance is essential to prevent the accumulation of harmful bacteria and mould:
Dispose of any uneaten food on bird tables– seed mixes and mealworms in particular should be disposed of after 24 hours
Check over the suet balls or birdseed in your feeder to ensure that it is safe to eat
Thoroughly sweep the table surface or wipe over the feeder pegs to remove debris, droppings and loose food
Monthly
A monthly deep-clean is important to prevent disease transmission in your garden, especially during wetter, colder months:
Disassemble any removable parts for a separate, more thorough cleaning
Scrub each part with a stiff brush and a solution of soapy water or diluted bleach to eliminate harmful bacterial or fungal growth, ensuring that any cracks and crevices are thoroughly cleaned
Rinse all components with clean water to remove any residual cleaning agents
Allow the parts to air dry completely in the sun before reassembling and refilling with food
End of season
At the end of the season, a comprehensive ‘full service’ of your bird table or feeder should be undertaken:
Thoroughly inspect the table or feeder for damages and repairs – whether this be splintered wood,cracks and splits,or loose screws. Repair or replace as needed
Consider repainting or treating table wood with a wildlife-friendly, non-toxic wood preservative or paint to safeguard against weathering and decay
Ensuring your bird feeder is in a good state of repair minimises the risk of injury by garden birds and ensures that the table can be easily cleaned to minimise any bacterial or fungal growth.
Well-maintained bird tables and feeders can directly impact the health and well-being of our local avian populations. By implementing a routine of daily, monthly, and end-of-season cleaning, you can minimise the risk of disease transmission and provide a safe feeding environment for local birds.
For further reading on how to care for local birds in your garden, click here.
